![]() This paper seeks to trace certain popular education practices that have and continue to deepen the struggle for an alternative South African society. Integral to pushing beyond for a better world, are education and learning processes and practices, albeit in different shapes and forms, with varying intensities and power. The history and presence of politics in South Africa abounds with moments and movements of pushing beyond and resisting 'a dog's life'. Throughout history there have been dreams, visions and hopes for a utopian world. The overcoming of systemic violence (itself a political choice) can only begin to be conceived via a different thought of politics as subjective practice. ![]() In this domain, violent political practices by the state tend to be the norm rather than the exception, so that violence acquires a certain amount of legitimacy for resolving contradictions among people. Within that domain, the state does not rule people as citizens with legally enforceable rights, but simply as a population with various entitlements. It is within the latter that most people relate and respond to state power. In particular, this means distinguishing between a domain of " civil society " and one of " uncivil society ". It is shown that a distinction between domains of politics (including modes of rule) must be drawn. Xenophobic violence in South Africa is used to illustrate the argument. ![]() In particular, the manifestation of a contradiction between democracy and nationalism in a neo-colonial context, takes many different forms which cannot be resolved consensually given existing modes of rule and the enrichment of the oligarchy at the expense of the nation. Rather than seeing the prevalence of systemic political violence in Africa as resulting from a purportedly difficult " transition to democracy ", this article insists that accounts of such violence must be sought within the modes of rule of the democratic state itself. ![]()
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